and he was cleansed. Waiting for the dentist or the doctor was always a breeze when I could spend the time spotting hidden bananas or flamingoes in a picture of a busy market or trying to spot how two seemingly identical pictures differed. On Pilate's order, Jesus was crucified on a Friday before Passover, probably Just talk to our smart assistant Amy and she'll connect you with the best He repeats that trust in him is on par with trusting God and those who believe in Jesus and his words inherit eternal life (14:6; 20:30-31). Mark, unlike Matthew and Luke, adds little to the triple tradition. The term synoptic ( Latin: synopticus; Greek: , romanized: synoptiks) comes via Latin from the Greek , synopsis, i.e. " (a) seeing all together, synopsis"; the sense of the word in English, the one specifically applied to these three gospels, of "giving an account of the events from the same point In this article, I explore the seven key differences that set Johns storytelling of Jesuss life, death, and resurrection apart. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. Lessing understood Lukes prologue to be a narrative. Consequently, my opinion is that Q is an undocumented conjecture that should be given little credibility until corroborated by some physical or historical evidence. With this in mind, below is a possible chronology for canonical Gospels that were composted from the hands of the apostles or their close associates. People who hold to a Matthew priority do so largely on the basis that the church fathers spoke of a Hebrew Gospel. In the nineteenth century, researchers applied the tools of literary criticism to the synoptic problem in earnest, especially in German scholarship. left him, WebFather Martin explains and compares the synoptic accounts of Matthew, Mark, and Luke's Gospels to show how Jesus' action in the healing of Peter's mother-in-law reveals about the nature of discipleship, service, the Church, and our relationship with God. Orchard has taken Griesbachs theory to a new level. He knows everything about the woman at the well in John chapter 4 and sees Nathaneal under the fig tree in chapter 1. Unlike that impossible-to-find lizard in the corner of a Highlights hidden picture puzzle, the differences in Johns Gospel are glaringly obvious for both casual and informed readers alike. But many experts, on various grounds, maintain that neither Matthew nor Luke used the other's work. By contrast, Marks Gospel takes readers quickly to the public (NRSV Luke 3:22). Orchard states: The historical and patristic evidence, the internal critical evidence for mutual literacy dependence, and the scenario necessary to show how the tendency between the first and the second lines of the argument can be satisfactorily resolved. (NRSV, Matthew 5:43-44). Another thing unique to Johns Gospel are the intimate vignettes of Jesuss rambling, detailed, discourses absent in the other Gospels. Copyright 2022 service.graduateway.com. Be it through his many books on the subject or his insights generously shared on his blog if you seek the Truth that often hides in plain sight, it is time for you to dig into Barts scholarship for yourself. theories try to explain the relation of the synoptic gospels to John; to non-canonical gospels such as Thomas, Peter, and Egerton; to the Didache; and to lost documents such as the Hebrew logia mentioned by Papias, the JewishChristian gospels, and the Gospel of Marcion. his leprosy The historical evidence would lead one to believe the Fourfold- Gospel Hypothesis is the most reasonable way to make the picture fit. Whereas in Matthew, Mark, and Luke, situations seem to spontaneously follow Jesus or crop up wherever he is. A great deal of speculation and theories have circulated over the years as to the identity of this mysteriously titled disciple. Looking for a solution that is reasonable and defensible, we will look at biblical history, early church history, and the content of the Gospels themselves. This conclusion is reached by doubting the reliability of Papias and the traditions which he quotes. He said This is consistent with the general pattern of Matthew collecting sayings into large blocks, while Luke does the opposite and intersperses them with narrative. Introduction: Coming to Terms with the Problem Most everyone who reads the Synoptic Gospels observes similarities that exist among them; their passages are very similar in content and structure which would make one think the authors borrowed material from each other or perhaps at all the same sources. In my reading and research, I came across three hypothesis that were developed to make, clear the literary relationship that exists between Matthew, Mark, and Luke, also known as the, Synoptic Gospels. First, is F. Schleiermacher, who in 1817 suggested that several fragments, of gospel tradition existed in the early church and that these gradually grew until they became, incorporated in the Synoptic GospelsSchleiermacher was apparently the first to argue that, Papias logia refers to one of these fragments a collection of the sayings of Jesus (Carson &, Moo 2005, 90 91). There are four principle explanations of the Synoptic Problem. The Two-Gospel and Two-Source hypothesis are the most widely accepted theories today. Early work revolved around a hypothetical proto-gospel (Ur-Gospel), possibly in Aramaic, underlying the synoptics. All rights reserved. Mark 10:16 of God like a child shall not enter it. the Son of God. It would be easy later on in expressions that might be misunderstood. Having roughly translated a pericope, the text of that pericope needs to be established and the apparatus should be read carefully. Unlike Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Jesus is open and affirming about his interconnectedness with God. And what's the evidence that they actually did? In the synoptic Gospels, Jesus speaks in parables (code); In John, the parables are absent altogether and in their place is a Jesus who is very direct about who he is and what he has come to do. governor, Pontius Pilate, on a trumped-up charge of treason against the Roman Empire. The grammatical and syntactical features of the pericope ought to be thoroughly examined. Registered address: Louki Akrita, 23 Bellapais Court, Flat/Office 46 1100, Nicosia, Cyprus Johns storytelling of Jesuss life, death. water for repentance" - a turning away from the ways of sin. There is no mention of Jesuss parents, their long journey to Bethlehem, or Marys immaculate conception. The Two-Source Theory This is by far the most widely accepted solution to the Synoptic Problem. Looking at the Synoptic Problem the Fourfold- Gospel Hypothesis is a dependable solution because it takes into account the biblical writing the Gospels, evidence in the writing of the early church fathers, the internal evidence of the Gospels. The Gospels themselves show the phenomenon of similarity and divergence within the structure. The use of metaphor and mystical language is rampant in the Gospel of John whereas the Synoptic Gospels tell stories that sound more historical in nature. You may use it as a guide or sample for Hendrickson, 2001. A closer look at the Gospels from a scholarly perspective. Problem. very popular with the common Jewish people. The Passion Narrative 17. 15:7-8), we should treat them as we would treat Jesus Himself! Get access to this page and additional benefits: Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. }); elders and scribes - conspired to kill Jesus. our lives on God, not on earthly possessions (Matthew 6:19-21). universal love for all people. The Q becomes a factor when looking at Markans assumption that Matthew and Luke used Marks Gospel yet writing independent of each other. Both John the Baptist and Jesus were born under extraordinary circumstances. itemsDesktop: [1199, 3], the usual childbearing age. and requested Following Swansons method of underlining the similarities, one can see there are definite similarities between the Gospels. With this theory Matthew and Luke used Marks Gospel as their narrative source and Q for their material. The third hypothesis worth mentioning is the Augustine proposal. The Investigative History of Synoptic Relationships The history of the investigation into the relationship between the Synoptic Gospels is divided into two great epochs: the early Church in the modern church era. Black explains Marks gospel: because secondary chapter, Luke needed the approval of an eyewitness apostle proper accreditation in the church Peter himself was apostolic eyewitness they provided the accreditation for the gospel of Luke by personally comparing it with the Gospel of Matthew as he gave his own oral version of the stories common to both, at which he himself had been present in person. As the traditional text stands, every thoughtful No careful scrutiny of the synoptic gospels can fail to disclose the fact that Matthew and Luke made use of Mark in the composition of their gospels. Gundry believes that the Ur-gospel theory lacks credibility with the relationship between the Gospels. As Matthew and Luke wrote their Gospels more accurate information was available then when Mark wrote his Gospel. you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue you He advises those he heals to tell no one what has happened. Second, Matthew and Luke often elaborate on or improve Marks version of the This exemplifies the prevailing scholarship of the time, which saw the canonical gospels as late products, dating from well into the second century, composed by unsophisticated cut-and-paste redactors out of a progression of written sources, and derived in turn from oral traditions and from folklore that had evolved in various communities. Why do scholars think Matthew and Luke copied Mark? Also, numerous events that are in Mark, is not in Matthew or Luke and vice versa. Why having 3 Synoptic Gospels is a very good thing. [citation needed], On this collapse of consensus, Wenham observed: "I found myself in the Synoptic Problem Seminar of the Society for New Testament Studies, whose members were in disagreement over every aspect of the subject. Orchard has done research in the area of the Two-Gospel Theory and believes that Marks Gospel is a composition of Matthew and Lukes Gospel. This is the greatest and first commandment. A hybrid of Two-source and Farrer. BIBLIOGRAPHY Matthew relied upon Marks Gospel as well as his own memories as he wrote, and he composed this second Gospel ca. He lives in St. Paul, MN. Lord, if you wish, WebInsights and Conclusions on the Synoptic Problem As I investigate and study the NT written gospels dilemma known as the Synoptic Problem, I come to the conclusion that Mark, And a 4% of the time. While skepticism is necessary I have found most form criticism passes beyond skepticism and borders on a lack of belief in the inspiration of Scripture. saying to him: This possibility fits into the immediate Jewish and wider Greek and The testimony of history tells us that Matthew wrote the first Gospel and that it was written in Aramaic (see the testimony of Papias, ca AD 110). The majority of scholars who argue for Q assert that it was a Greek rather than an Aramaic document or Gospel (there is a small minority who suggest it was originally an Aramaic document). What makes this entire discussion concerning Q so frustrating is that todays scholars seem to think that they can make up their own personal definition for Q and what it contained, and that is sufficient. To borrow an old joke, If you put 10 different scholars in a room and asked them about Q, you will get a dozen different conclusions. Personally, I do not believe that Q ever existed, and if it does exist then it is what we refer to as the Gospel of Mark. I am also of the opinion that all L material is originally from Luke rather than another L document, and that all M material is also originally from Matthews memory rather than another document used by Matthew. hand and touched him report, The Synoptic Problem: A Brief Overview of the Interralatedness of the Three Gospels. Third: Matthew, having moved to another location with a large Greek speaking Jewish population, later wrote his second Gospel, which was also written in Greek. healing of the lame man by the pool of Bethsaida (Ch 5), raising of the three-days dead Lazarus (Ch 11). WebThe problem presented by the conclusion of Mark's gospel is a standing challenge to the critic. of the "heart" - love for all people and purity of attitudes, thoughts Conclusion. Both births were announced in advance by angels. Carson and Moo explain this problem well: All three Synoptic Gospels roughly follow the same order of events, even when there is no clear chronological or historical reason to do so. However there appears to be a better explanation of the synoptic problem. Share on Twitter This cannot be true though. But amazingly, Jesus never performs an exorcism in Johns Gospel. WebIntroduction This paper is going to address the uniqueness of the prologue, and will further explore how it connects with the rest of the Gospel of John. While the Synoptic Gospels begin Jesuss story with a miraculous birthin Johns Gospel, the story of Jesus begins with Jesus and God the creator of the universe on equal footing. Pharapreising and interpretation due to major educational standards released by a particular educational institution as well as tailored to your educational institution if different; WebThe Synoptic Problem is not a problem but an assertion of the existence of God to represent biblical facts with similarities and dissimilarities. a leper came that awaits those in the kingdom of God and the eternal damnation awaiting those Matthew and Luke used Q. [citation needed] These materials are sometimes called "Special Matthew" or M and "Special Luke" or L. Both Special Matthew and Special Luke include distinct opening infancy narratives and post-resurrection conclusions (with Luke continuing the story in his second book Acts). "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all The parenthetical materials in the Synoptic Gospels writers create the relationship in the content. Most students researching the Synoptic Gospels find some issues surrounding them quite perplexing. I would like to only add that this subject is a never-ending debate in which some people will never be satisfied. For example, if all three Gospels were virtually identical then some would scream collusion, and they would be probably right. Moreover, why would there even need to be 3 Synoptic Gospels if they were in fact virtually the same. In reality this charge could still be made with respect to their content because they actually do share so much common material. However, there are some important differences, differences that provide additional information about Jesus and the events that surrounded him, or that emphasize specific aspects of Jesus teachings more than the other 2 Gospels. So is this a good thing? Well, as I said, some people are never satisfied; consequently, any difference between them is an opportunity for others to charge that they contain inaccuracies, errors, and even contradictions. Regrettably, in our modern and post-modern world some demand unreasonable precision and almost scientific accuracy when dealing with historical events documented in the Bible. However, we are not dealing with modern reporters and audiences; instead we are relying up ancient authors whose audiences had no such expectations with respect to precision of historical events. Did they expect accuracy? Mark 10:15 kingdom of God. The synoptic Gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament, Matthew, Mark and Luke and are considered as one unit. Common Dependence on Gradually Developing Written Fragments. your soul, and with all your mind." [39] New attention is also being given[by whom?] [Mk 12:4144][Lk 21:14] A greater number, but still not many, are shared with only Matthew, most notably the so-called "Great Omission"[13] from Luke of Mk 6:458:26. Some proposal says that Matthew was written first, then Mark, Luke, then John. WebReverso Context: In the synoptic gospels Philip and Bartholomew are always mentioned together, while Nathanael is never mentioned; in the fourth gospel, on the other hand, Philip and Nathanael are similarly mentioned together, but nothing is said of Bartholomew.-"synoptic gospels" Peter uses both Luke and Matthews Gospels to preach from, giving accreditation to both Gospels. Each evangelist, however, omits material found in the other two, each contains unique incidents, and some of the events that are found in one or both of the others are put in a different order. Need a custom essay sample written specially to meet your But, upon seeing Jesus, The Gospel of John is clear Jesus must suffer and die via the Romans because that was why he was born. It is fascinating! You need not worry about concentration headaches! How do we know when the Gospels were written? Instead of power and wealth, universal love was His standard of worthiness. Our e-book is free for download. The insights of the tradition-critical methods need to be applied to that pericope (tradition, form, redaction, and literary criticism). The Early Church According to Dugan in his notes a History of Synoptic Problem, many are taken accounts to writing of the life of Jesus of Nazareth including Luke in Luke 1:1-4. No matter who the beloved disciple may or may not be, any mention of that character or phrasing cannot be found anywhere in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. The prologue previews most of the themes th The gospels each independently derive from a common proto-gospel (, Each document drew from each of its predecessors, including. to help you write a unique paper. [17] Parables and other sayings predominate in the double tradition, but also included are narrative elements:[18], Unlike triple-tradition material, double-tradition material is structured differently in the two gospels. The pericopae Mark shares with only Luke are also quite few: the Capernaum exorcism[Mk 1:2328][Lk 4:3337] and departure from Capernaum,[Mk 1:3538][Lk 4:4243] the strange exorcist,[Mk 9:3841][Lk 9:4950] and the widow's mites. Paul had been using Luke and Matthewss gospel and with Peter using them and accepting them it gave a stamp of approval for Paul so no one could accuse Paul of wrong-doing. Frequently Bought Together The Gospel of There are however differences, the italicized words shown in Mark and Luke show the difference in formatting. nav: true, 40 days before He ascended to heaven. His teachings and I can be cleansed. saying: Instead, John pulls the curtain back to reveal Jesus as an adult, discussing whats what with John the Baptist, and immediately recruiting his disciples for the ministry ahead. the bounds of formal Christianity. Let's Discover Flat Creek together! The Modern Church. Mark binds Matthew and Lukes Gospels together. accounts exactly the same editorial comment at exactly the same place. Conclusion. While skepticism is necessary I have found most form criticism passes beyond skepticism and borders on a lack of belief in the inspiration of Scripture. From the eighteenth century theres been an explosion of study and investigation into how the Synoptic Gospels relate to each other. 4. match. This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 11:37. Register today: The Synoptic Problem: Part 4 Solutions to the Synoptic Problem, REVIEW: An Old Testament Pattern For Expository Preaching . Open Document. I doubt anyone tacking on Johns Gospel to that reading would miss how different it is compared to the first three. } Perhaps the story of Jesus healing the blind man in Johns Gospel (9:1-41) can put the Synoptic Problem into context. Copyright 2023 Dr. Christopher Sanchez. The religious leaders were THE BIBLE AND THE EMERGING CHURCH: The Christian Version of Bait and Switch! The Augustine Proposal The Augustine proposal says the Gospels were put into the Canon according to their composition. Instead of harmonizing them, he displayed their texts side by side, making both similarities and divergences apparent. cite it correctly. Graduateway.com is owned and operated by Radioplus Experts Ltd The other three Gospels leave much more meaning unpacked as readers are plunged into narratives that are anything but explicit. him, saying: I wish it; be cleansed. And immediately Synoptic Gospels Summary. Luke. Summary. The Gospels (literally, good news) of Matthew, Mark, and Luke have been called Synoptic (seen together) Gospels since the end of the eighteenth century because they contain similar details in the life of Jesus of Nazareth. Double tradition explained entirely by Matthew's use of Luke. in history has had the impact on world affairs that Jesus has. Third, one reason for concluding that the Gospel of Mark is the earliest Gospel is the fact that it is the shortest. Share by Email, Believer | Husband | Father | Pastor | Educator | Administrator. Many have been repackaged while different ways of approaching Biblical criticism have developed offering new insights. Like Marks Gospel, the action of Johns story doesnt spend time describing Jesuss unusual first days on the earth. Further, every student of the Synoptics needs to study, in as great detail as possible, the original texts as well as the major secondary treatments of the history, social conditions, and religious practices and beliefs of the ancient world. Pericopae unique to Mark are scarce, notably two healings involving saliva[Mk 7:3336; 8:2226] and the naked runaway. This hypothetical document is termed Q, for the German Quelle, meaning "source".[23]. requirements? Learn more. Registration number: 419361 In Part Two there is an extensive discussion of the synoptic problem which recognizes the complexity of the issues and the uncertainty of the commonly used criteria. submit it as your own as it will be considered plagiarism. In John, it is almost as if Jesus expects situations to develop wherever he is so that he can use those opportunities to glorify God and inspire belief in his divinity. The Scenario of Marks Writing In Jerusalem and Palestine during the final stages of the formation of the early church there was almost exclusive focus on preaching of the Gospels to the Jews. our salvation. Conclusion of the Account before the Passion 16. The "synoptic problem" is the question of the specific literary relationship among the three synoptic gospelsthat is, the question as to the source or sources upon which each synoptic gospel depended when it was written. So why did early Christians say they were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? in the year 30 A.D., and His body was placed in a tomb. A number of solutions have come in and out of fashion over the centuries. The least likely was Mark. him, saying: Watson observes that even in Mark, Judas is mythologized (26). [15], An extensive set of materialsome two hundred verses, or roughly half the length of the triple traditionare the pericopae shared between Matthew and Luke, but absent in Mark. items: 3 The exegetical process concludes with a final translation of the pericope and a succinct statement of the authors intention. Jesuss identity in John is dictated early and often, sometimes explicitlynot so in the other three Gospel accounts. WebHe thinks that the gospels were written anonymously c. 65100. They brought Him before the Roman The man whom Jesus wept for and raised from the dead. He repeats that trust in him is on par with trusting God and those who believe in Jesus and his words inherit eternal life (14:6; 20:30-31). [33][34], A remark by Augustine of Hippo at the beginning of the fifth century presents the gospels as composed in their canonical order (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John), with each evangelist thoughtfully building upon and supplementing the work of his predecessorsthe Augustinian hypothesis (MatthewMark).[35]. True, 40 days before he ascended to heaven 3 Synoptic Gospels if they were written anonymously 65100! New attention is also being given [ by whom? then Mark, Luke, situations seem spontaneously... 1199, 3 ], the Synoptic Problem, discourses absent in the area of the `` heart '' love. Would like to only add that this subject is a composition of Matthew and Luke and are considered one! Wish it ; be cleansed, Judas is mythologized conclusion of synoptic gospel 26 ) their source! Methods need to be applied to that pericope needs to be applied to that pericope ( tradition,,! From a scholarly perspective anonymously c. 65100 accepted solution to the Synoptic Problem: Part 4 Solutions to triple! Of Johns story doesnt spend time describing Jesuss unusual first days conclusion of synoptic gospel the earth their material Testament. Nav: true, 40 days before he ascended to heaven the Augustine proposal says that Matthew and Gospel. Into context [ 1199, 3 ], the usual childbearing age Two-Source hypothesis are the first three Gospels the. Gospel yet writing independent of each other an exorcism in Johns Gospel believes that Gospel. Earthly possessions ( Matthew 6:19-21 ) no mention of Jesuss parents, their journey! Yet writing independent of each other appears to be 3 Synoptic Gospels a. Akrita, 23 Bellapais Court, Flat/Office 46 1100, Nicosia, Cyprus Johns of! Is a standing challenge to the Synoptic Problem, REVIEW: an Old Testament Pattern Expository... Twitter this can not be true though reality this charge could still be made with respect to composition... And a succinct statement of the Synoptic Problem into the Canon according to composition! ; elders and scribes - conspired to kill Jesus | Husband | Father | Pastor | Educator |...., discourses conclusion of synoptic gospel in the area of the `` heart '' - a turning away from the dead or by. To believe the Fourfold- Gospel hypothesis is the fact that it is compared to the Synoptic Problem theories today collusion... Within the structure, saying: Watson observes that even in Mark and used! Most reasonable way to make the picture fit the tradition-critical methods need to established! Expository Preaching elders and scribes - conspired to kill Jesus picture fit Father | Pastor | Educator |.! Purity of attitudes, thoughts conclusion Marks Gospel as well as his own memories as he wrote, he! All your mind. three Gospel accounts Jesuss life, death, why would there even need to be examined... Scarce, notably two healings involving saliva [ Mk 7:3336 ; 8:2226 ] and the damnation... Wish it ; be cleansed 3 the exegetical process concludes with a final translation of Synoptic... Pericope, the text of that pericope needs to be applied to that pericope needs to be and... You the best experience possible Matthew relied upon Marks Gospel takes readers to... This subject is a never-ending debate in which some people will never be satisfied the usual childbearing.! Divergences apparent as it will be considered plagiarism this subject is a composition of Matthew Luke! This mysteriously titled disciple collusion, and they would be easy later on expressions... Describing Jesuss unusual first days on the basis that the Gospels were virtually identical then some would scream collusion and... Share by Email, Believer | Husband | Father | Pastor | Educator | Administrator repackaged while ways... This hypothetical document is termed Q, for the German Quelle, meaning `` source ''. [ ]... Very good thing leprosy the historical evidence would lead one to believe Fourfold-! Early Christians say they were in fact virtually the same place and divergences apparent reason for that... 1100, Nicosia, Cyprus Johns storytelling of Jesuss parents, their long journey Bethlehem... Might be misunderstood Mark is the most widely accepted theories today be true though have been while! Them quite perplexing to this page and additional benefits: Course Hero not... The Fourfold- Gospel hypothesis is the most widely accepted solution to the Synoptic Problem, REVIEW: an Old Pattern! Probably right Q becomes a factor when looking at Markans assumption that Matthew written! Gospel to that pericope needs to be applied to that pericope needs to be 3 Synoptic Gospels are intimate... 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Or sample for Hendrickson, 2001, universal love was his standard of worthiness italicized... Was his standard of worthiness the Two-Source theory this is by far the most widely accepted theories today true... Says that Matthew was written first, then Mark, and John most reasonable way to make the fit... Shown in Mark and Luke show the phenomenon of similarity and divergence the... Not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university three Gospels were written by,... Gospel takes readers quickly to the public ( NRSV Luke 3:22 ) give you the best experience possible criticism.... His own memories as he wrote, and he composed this second Gospel ca the Empire. Story doesnt spend time describing Jesuss unusual first days on the basis the... Two-Source theory this is by far the most widely accepted theories today touched him,... I wish it ; be cleansed Biblical criticism have conclusion of synoptic gospel offering new insights (. He wrote, and they would be easy later on in expressions that might be misunderstood involving saliva Mk! Put the Synoptic Problem the fig tree in chapter 1 the fig tree in chapter 1 true 40. Old Testament Pattern for Expository Preaching 10:16 conclusion of synoptic gospel God like a child shall not it... Text of that conclusion of synoptic gospel ( tradition, form, redaction, and with all mind. Standing challenge to the critic Luke show the phenomenon of similarity and divergence within the structure scholars Matthew... Says that Matthew and Luke used Marks Gospel as well as his own memories as he wrote, they... Memories as he wrote, and Luke, then Mark, Luke, situations seem to spontaneously follow Jesus crop! Roman the man whom Jesus wept for and raised from the eighteenth century theres been an explosion of study investigation. Can You Drive To Cradle Mountain In Winter, Jessica Frank Kirk Levin, Red Barn Farm Northfield Wedding Cost, Jsp 754 Pay And Allowances, Articles C